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COMNAMES: Common names of dominant plants in the vegetation type. DESCRIPTION: Description of the vegetation type. DIAGGRASS: Dominant graminoid species in the heraceous vegetation layer. DIAGSHRUB: Dominant woody shrubs in the shrub vegetation layer. DIAGTREES: Dominant tree species in the canopy layer of forested vegetation types. DISTRIBUT: General description of the distribution of the vegetation type in Oregon. ECOLOGY: Short summary of environmental conditions and unusual ecological characteristics for the vegetation type. FERNS AND ALLIES: List of ferns and other non-flowering plants typically associated with the vegetation type. FORBS: List of non-woody, broadleaf plant species typically associated with the vegetation type. KUCHLER NAME: Name of the vegetation type(s) corresponding to the described type in the 1964 publication by A. W. Kuchler (Potential natural vegetation of the Conterminous United States. Am. Geog. Soc. Special Publ. 36:1-38 + 116 plates). KUCHLER NUMBER: Number assigned to the vegetation type(s) corresponding to the described type in Kuchler (1964--see reference above) LOWER-ELEVATION: Approximate lowest elevation (in feet) at which the vegetation type can be found. MAPCODE: Three number code for the vegetation type. Used to label areas of the vegetation type on the Map of Oregon Actual Vegetation. MAPNAME: Latin names of dominant plants in the vegetation type. Slashes separate canopy, shrub and herbaceous layers. OTHGRASS: Names of graminoids typically found in the vegetation type that are not usually dominants in the herbaceous layer. OTHSHRUB: Names of woody shrubs typically found in the vegetation type that are not usually dominants in the shrub layer. OTHTREES: Names of trees typically found in the vegetation type that are not usually canopy dominants. SAF NAME: Name of vegetation type(s) corresponding to the described type as listed by the Society of American Foresters. SAF NUMBER: Number of vegetation type(s) corresponding to the described type as listed by the Society of American Foresters. UPDATE: Date vegetation type description was prepared or date of latest revision. Date is followed by initials of preparer. UPPER-ELEVATION: Approximate highest elevation (in feet) at which vegetation type can usually be found. VEGSTRUCT: Description of the vegetation type.
MAPNAME: Agricultural cropland and pastureland COMNAMES: Agricultural cropland and improved pasturelands VEGSTRUCT: Generally low stature annual cropland and intensively grazed pastureland. Fruit tree orchards and vineyards occur locally. DISTRIBUT: Major type throughout southern Idaho, and parts of northern Idaho. May include patches and corridors of shrub and/or tree-dominated types. LOWER-ELEVATION: 750 UPPER-ELEVATION: 5000
MAPNAME: Urban and industrial COMNAMES: urban and industrial areas VEGSTRUCT: Usually a mosaic of cultural features and exotic deciduous forest. DISTRIBUT: Urban and industrial areas throughout Oregon. LOWER-ELEVATION: 10 UPPER-ELEVATION: 5000
MAPNAME: Alpine communities COMNAMES: Alpine communities ACRONAME: PHYEMP CROSSWALK: PHYEMP, CASMER, CARSPE, TRISPI VEGSTRUCT: Open to closed communities of dwarf (< 0.3 m) shrubs, graminoids, and forbs, usually occurring in a complex mosaic. Also includes talusslopes, boulderfields, cliffs and crevice habitats. ECOLOGY: Steep slopes, cliffs, fell-fields and other rocky, alpine areas. Little soil development and no trees (except for krummholz). Characterized by very cold, snowy winters and short growing season. DISTRIBUT: Major type at upper elevations in the Wallowa Mountains, and in the Cascades. Minor type in the Siskiyou Mountains, the Elkhorn Range of the Blue Mountains and the Strawberry Mountains. DIAGGRASS: Carex spectabilis, C. nigra, Deschampsia atropurpurea, D. cespitosa, Festuca idahoensis, F. ovina, Poa epilis, Trisetum spicatum. DIAGSHRUB: Phyllodoce empetriformis, Cassiope mertensiana, Potentilla futicosa, Juniperus communis. DIAGTREES: None. FORBS: Agoseris glauca, Antennaria alpina, Arenaria congesta, Astragalus alpinus, Astragalus kentrophyta, Bupleurum americanum, Cymopterus bipinnatus, Draba densifolia, Erigeron compositus, E. simplex, Eritrichium nanum, Lupinus argenteus, Saxifraga rhomboidea. OTHSHRUB: Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana, Phlox pulvinata, Potentilla diversifolia, P. ovina, Ribes montigenum. Also includes dwarf trees of Pinus albicaulis, Abies lasiocarpa and Tsuga mertensiana. OTHTREES: None. LOWER-ELEVATION: 9000 UPPER-ELEVATION: 12000 UPDATE: 90-05-08 JSK
MAPNAME: Fraxinus latifolia-Populus trichocarpa/pasture mosaic COMNAMES: Oregon ash-black cottonwood-bottomland pasture mosaic ACRONAME: FRALAT CROSSWALK: VEGSTRUCT: A mosaic of bottomland alluvial riparian forest and developed farmland and pasturelands. Tall, closed canopy, decidious woodlands with significant conifer invasion and a dense shrub and forb understory interspersed with farms, pastures and wetlands. ECOLOGY: These are what is left of the bottomland, alluvial gallery forests which dominated the floodplain areas of the western interior valleys. Agricultural development and upstream dams have allowed for both conifer invasion and wetlands filling. DISTRIBUT: Widely distributed along rivers and streams in the Willamette and Umpqua Valleys. Also occurs many coastal areas, in the Rogue Valley, and occasionally in eastern Oregon. DIAGGRASS: Deschampsia caespitosa, Carex obnupta, Carex unilateralis and Hordeum brachyantherum are important natives. Phalaris arundinacea, Festuca arundinacea, and Dactylus glomerata are the important non-natives. Corn, wheat, ryegrass and other crops are grown. DIAGSHRUB: Rubus discolor is abundant (and non native). Rosa species, Symphoricarpos albus, Gaultheria shallon, Vaccinium parvifolium, and Spiraea douglasii are all important. Salix species occur along the streams and rivers along with the riparian trees. DIAGTREES: Populus trichocarpa, Alnus rubra, Fraxinus latifolia, and Acer macrophyllum are the characteristic dominants. Thuja plicata, Abies grandis, Pseudotsuga menziesii and Tsuga heterophylla are the common conifers. FORBS: Urtica dioica, Oxalis oregana, Maianthemum dilatatum, Rubus ursinus, Oenanthe sarmentosa, Montia parviflora. OTHTREES: Quercus kelloggii is important in the Rogue Valley. Quercus garryana is occasionally found, along with Calocedrus decurrens. LOWER-ELEVATION: 10 UPPER-ELEVATION: 2000 UPDATE: 90-08-01 JSK
MAPNAME: Pinus ponderosa COMNAMES: ponderosa pine forest and woodland DESCRIPTION: Open woodlands to closed-canopied forest in which ponderosa pine is the only dominant tree species. The understory may include dense stands of shrubs or be dominated by grasses, sedges, or herbaceous species. DISTRIBUT: This type occurs in the foothills of the Blue Mountains and along the eastern base of the Cascade Range. In the latter area, it is mapped outside of the central Oregon pumice region. DIAGGRASS: Agropyron spicatum, Bromus carinatus, Bromus tectorum, Carex geyeri, Elymus glaucus, Festuca idahoensis, F. occidentalis, Koeleria cristata, Poa nervosa, P. sandbergii, P. wheeleri, Sitanion hystrix DIAGSHRUB: Amelanchier alnifolia, Artemisia tridentata, Berberis repens, Ceanothus integerrimus, C. prostratus, Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, Purshia tridentata, Symphoricarpos albus DIAGTREES: Pinus ponderosa FERNS AND ALLIES: FORBS: Achillea millefolium, Arenaria macrophylla, Balsamorhiza sagittata, Clarkia rhomboidea, Collinsia grandiflora, Delphinium nuttallianum, Fritillaria pudica, Fragaria vesca, Hieracium albiflorum, H. albertinum, Hydrophyllum capitatum, Lathyrus lanszwertii, L. nevadensis, Lithophragma glabra, Lomatium triternatum, Lupinus caudatus, L. leucophyllus, Luina nardosmia, Montia perfoliata, Nemophila parviflora, Sedum stenopetalum, Smilacina racemosa, Vicia americanum, Wyethia mollis OTHGRASS: Carex rossii, Poa bulbosa, P. pratensis, Stipa occidentalis OTHSHRUB: Arctostaphylos patula, Cercocarpus ledifolius, Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Holodiscus discolor, Physocarpus malvaceus, Rosa gymnocarpa, Symphoricarpos mollis OTHTREES: Juniperus occidentalis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Quercus garryana ELEVATION (ft): 2000-3500 KUCHLER NAME: Western ponderosa forest (Pinus) KUCHLER NUMBER: 10 (in part) SAF NAME: Interior ponderosa pine SAF NUMBER: 237 OTHER REFERENCES: Franklin and Dyrness (1973), pp. 168-183; Hall (1973) pp. 25-29; Marsh (1987), pp. 28-35; Hopkins (1979a), pp. 25, 27-29; Hopkins (1979b), p. 15; Johnson and Simon (1987); Mayer and Laudenslayer (1988), pp. 58-59 (in part).
MAPNAME: Pseudotsuga menziesii-Quercus garryana forests and woodlands COMNAMES: Douglas fir-Oregon white oak forests and woodlands DESCRIPTION: Mixed forests and woodlands in which Douglas fir and Oregon white oak are the usual dominants and vary in proportion. Under a natural fire regime, Douglas fir was of only minor importance, and oaks often occurred in groves or savannahs. Much of this original woodland has been cleared, and successful efforts at fire suppression have allowed the nearly ubiquitous invasion of Douglas fir. DISTRIBUT: A common type around the periphery of the Willamette Valley. DIAGGRASS: Bromus rigidus, B. vulgaris, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea, Holcus lanatus, Poa pratensis DIAGSHRUB: Acer circinatum, Berberis nervosa, Amelanchier alnifolia, Corylus cornuta, Holodiscus discolor, Oemleria cerasiformis, Prunus avium, Rosa gymnocarpa, R. nutkana, Rhus diversiloba, Rubus parviflorus, R. ursinus, Symphoricarpos albus, S. mollis, Whipplea modesta DIAGTREES: Acer macrophyllum, Arbutus menziesii, Calocedrus decurrens, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Quercus garryana FERNS AND ALLIES: Polystichum munitum, Pteridium aquilinum FORBS: Achillea millefolium, Achlys triphylla, Adenocaulon bicolor, Anemone deltoides, Arenaria macrophylla, Campanula scouleri, Chimaphila menziesii, C. umbellata, Clintonia uniflora, Disporum hookeri, Fragaria vesca, F. virginiana, Galium oreganum, G. triflorum, Goodyera oblongifolia, Hieracium albiflorum, Hypericum perforatum, Linnaea borealis, Montia siberica, Osmorhiza chilensis, Sanicula crassicaulis, Satureja douglasii, Smilacina stellata, Synthyris reniformis, Tellima grandiflora, Trientalis latifolia, Vancouveria hexandra, Viola sempervirens OTHGRASS: Danthonia californica, Elymus glaucus, Festuca californica, F. occidentalis, F. rubra OTHSHRUB: Acer glabrum, Berberis aquifolium, Crataegus douglasii, Gaultheria shallon, Lonicera ciliosa, L. hispida, Pachistima myrsinites, Rhododendron macrophyllum, Rubus parviflorus, R. ursinus, Rosa eleganteria, Vaccinium parvifolium OTHTREES: Abies grandis, Pinus lambertiana, Quercus kelloggii, Tsuga heterophylla ELEVATION (ft): 75-1000 KUCHLER NAME: Oregon oakwoods (Quercus) & cedar-hemlock-Douglas fir forest (Thuja-Tsuga-Pseudotsuga) KUCHLER NUMBER: 22 & 2 SAF NAME: Oregon white oak (in part) SAF NUMBER: 233 OTHER REFERENCES: Franklin and Dyrness (1973), pp. 111-114; Hemstrom et al. (1987), pp. 63-64; Atzet and McCrimmon (1990), pp. 318-319.
MAPNAME: Acer macrophyllum-Alnus rubra-Pseudotsuga menziesii forest COMNAMES: Mixed evergreen and broadleaf deciduous forest DESCRIPTION: This is a closed-canopied lowland and lower montane forest in which bigleaf maple and red alder are common overstory dominants. In general, maple is more prevalent in the Cascades foothills and alder is more common in the Coast Range. These are primarily second- growth forests resulting from prior timber harvest or, especially in the Coast Range, historic wildfires within the Douglas fir-western hemlock type. Douglas fir is nearly always present and may be accompanied by several other needleleaf conifers. The conifers may form a sub-canopy which is obscured by the deciduous overstory in aerial photographs and remote sensing imagery. DISTRIBUT: A common type in the western Cascades and the Coast Range. South of Eugene, the type becomes increasingly coastal in distribution. DIAGGRASS: Bromus vulgaris, Festuca californica, F. occidentalis, F. subulata, DIAGSHRUB: Acer circinatum, Amelanchier alnifolia, Berberis nervosa, Chimaphila umbellata, Corylus cornuta, Gaultheria shallon, Holodiscus discolor, Menziesia ferruginea, Rhododendron macrophyllum, Rubus parviflora, R. spectabilis, Symphoricarpos mollis, Vaccinium alaskaense, V. ovalifolium, V. parvifolium, V. membranaceum DIAGTREES: Acer macrophyllum, Alnus rubra, Pseudotsuga menziesii. FERNS AND ALLIES: Adiantum pedatum, Athyrium filix-femina, Blechnum spicant, Dryopteris austriaca, Polystichum munitum, Polypodium glycyrrhiza, Pteridium aquilinum FORBS: Achlys triphylla, Actaea rubra, Adenocaulon bicolor, Anemone deltoidea, Apocynum androsaemifolium, Arnica latifolia, Arenaria macrophylla, Asarum caudatum, Aster radulinus, Clintonia uniflora, Collomia heterophylla, Coptis laciniata, Cornus canadensis, Dicentra formosa, Disporum hookeri, Galium oreganum, G. triflorum, Goodyera oblongifolia, Heuchera micranta, Hieracium albiflorum, Lathyrus polyphyllus, Linnaea borealis, Lysichitum americanum, Madia gracilis, Maianthemum dilatatum, Montia siberica, Osmorhiza chilensis, O. purpurea, Oxalis oregana, Pyrola secunda, Smilacina racemosa, S. stellata, Stachys cooleyi, Streptopus amplexifolius, Synthyris reniformis, Tiarella trifoliata, Tolmeia menziesii, Trientalis latifolia, Trillium ovatum, Vancouveria hexandra, Viola glabella, V. sempervirens, Whipplea modesta, Xerophyllum tenax OTHGRASS: Carex obnupta, C. stipata, OTHSHRUB: Berberis aquifolium, Castanopsis chrysophylla, Cornus nuttallii, Oplopanax horridum, Rhus diversiloba, Ribes bracteosa, Rosa gymnocarpa, Rubus nivalis, R. pedatus, R. ursinus, Sambucus racemosa, Symphoricarpos albus OTHTREES: Abies amabilis, A. grandis, A. procera, Picea sitchensis, Taxus brevifolia, Thuja plicata, Tsuga heterophylla. ELEVATION (ft): sea level-3500 KUCHLER NAME: not applicable KUCHLER NUMBER: not a potential vegetation type SAF NAME: Red alder SAF NUMBER: 221 OTHER REFERENCES: Franklin and Dyrness (1973), pp. 85-87; Halverson et al., 1986);Hemstrom and Logan (1986), pp. 75-105; Hemstrom et al. (1987), pp. 78-86, 178-242; Atzet and McCrimmon (1990), pp. 109-187.
MAPNAME: Pseudotsuga menziesii-Tsuga heterophylla-Thuja plicata forest COMNAMES: Douglas fir - western hemlock - western redcedar forest DESCRIPTION: Closed-canopied lowland and lower montane forests in which Douglas fir is usually the dominant tree species, although numerous other evergreen conifers and deciduous trees may be abundant. These forest generally have a well-developed shrub layer, and a rich assemblage of ferns, forbs, herbs, mosses, and lichens. DISTRIBUT: West slope of the Cascades, and the Coast Range. DIAGGRASS: Bromus vulgaris, Festuca californica, F. occidentalis, F. subulata DIAGSHRUB: Acer circinatum, Amelanchier alnifolia, Berberis nervosa, Chimaphila umbellata, Cornus nuttallii, Corylus cornuta, Gaultheria shallon, Holodiscus discolor, Menziesia ferruginea, Rhododendron macrophyllum, Rubus parviflora, R. spectabilis, Symphoricarpos mollis, Vaccinium alaskaense, V. ovalifolium, V. parvifolium, V. membranaceum DIAGTREES: Pseudotsuga menziesii, Thuja plicata, Tsuga heterophylla FERNS AND ALLIES: Adiantum pedatum, Athyrium filix-femina, Blechnum spicant, Dryopteris austriaca, Polystichum munitum, Polypodium glycyrrhiza, Pteridium aquilinum FORBS: Achlys triphylla, Actaea rubra, Adenocaulon bicolor, Anemone deltoidea, Apocynum androsaemifolium, Arnica latifolia, Arenaria macrophylla, Asarum caudatum, Aster radulinus, Clintonia uniflora, Collomia heterophylla, Coptis laciniata, Cornus canadensis, Dicentra formosa, Disporum hookeri, Galium oreganum, G. triflorum, Goodyera oblongifolia, Heuchera micranta, Hieracium albiflorum, Lathyrus polyphyllus, Linnaea borealis, Lysichitum americanum, Madia gracilis, Maianthemum dilatatum, Montia siberica, Osmorhiza chilensis, O. purpurea, Oxalis oregana, Pyrola secunda, Smilacina racemosa, S. stellata, Stachys cooleyi, Streptopus amplexifolius, Synthyris reniformis, Tiarella trifoliata, Tolmeia menziesii, Trientalis latifolia, Trillium ovatum, Vancouveria hexandra, Viola glabella, V. sempervirens, Whipplea modesta, Xerophyllum tenax OTHGRASS: Carex disperma, C. hendersonii OTHSHRUB: Berberis aquifolium, Castanopsis chrysophylla, Oplopanax horridum, Rhus diversiloba, Ribes bracteosa, Rosa gymnocarpa, Rubus nivalis, R. pedatus, R. ursinus, Sambucus racemosa, Symphoricarpos albus OTHTREES: Abies amabilis, A. grandis, A. procera, Acer macrophyllum, Alnus rubra, Arbutus menziesii, Libocedrus decurrens, Myrica californica, Picea sitchensis, Pinus contorta, P. lambertiana, Taxus brevifolia ELEVATION (ft): sea level-3500 KUCHLER NAME: Cedar-hemlock-Douglas fir forest (Thuja-Tsuga-Pseudotsuga) KUCHLER NUMBER: 2 SAF NAME: Douglas fir-western hemlock SAF NUMBER: 230 OTHER REFERENCES: Franklin and Dyrness (1973), pp. 70-82; Franklin (1988), pp. 105-111; Halverson, et al. (1986); Hemstrom and Logan (1986), pp. 75-105; Hemstrom et al. (1987), pp. 78- 56, 178-242; Atzet and McCrimmon (1990), pp. 109-187.
MAPNAME: Abies amabilis-Tsuga heterophylla-Abies procera forest COMNAMES: silver fir-western hemlock-noble fir forest DESCRIPTION: Middle to upper-montane forests with a closed canopy in which silver fir, western hemlock, noble fir, and Douglas fir have a high constancy. The latter species dominates large areas. DISTRIBUT: West slope of the Cascade Range south to vicinity of Diamond Peak, and on the east slope of the Cascades in the vicinity of Mt. Hood. DIAGGRASS: DIAGSHRUB: Acer circinatum, Berberis nervosa, Chimaphila menziesii, C. umbellatum, Oplopanax horridum, Pachistima myrsinites, Rhododendron albiflorum, Rosa gymnocarpa, Rubus ursinus, Vaccinium alaskaense, V. membranaceum, V. ovalifolium, V. parvifolium DIAGTREES: Abies amabilis, A. procera, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga heterophylla FERNS AND ALLIES: Adiantum pedatum, Athyrium filix-femina, Blechnum spicant, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Polystichum munitum, Pteridium aquilinum FORBS: Achyls triphylla, Adenocaulon bicolor, Anemone deltoidea, A. lyallii, Asarum caudatum, Campanula scouleri, Clintonia uniflora, Coptis laciniata, Cornus canadensis, Disporum hookeri, Erythronium montanum, Galium oreganum, G. triflorum, Goodyera oblongifolia, Osmorhiza chilensis, Oxalis oregana, Linnaea borealis, Montia siberica, Pedicularis racemosa, Pyrola picta, P. secunda, Smilacina stellata, Tiarella trifoliata, Streptopus roseus, Trientalis latifolia, Trillium ovatum, Vancouveria hexandra, Viola orbiculata, Xerophyllum tenax V. sempervirens OTHGRASS: OTHSHRUB: Cornus nuttallii, Castanopsis chrysophylla, Gaultheria shallon, Menziesia ferruginea, Rhododendron macrophyllum, Rubus leucodermis, R. parviflorus, R. pedatus, R. spectabilis, Vaccinium scoparium, OTHTREES: Abies concolor, A. grandis, A. lasiocarpa, Chamaecyperis nootkatensis, Picea engelmannii, Pinus contorta, P. monticola, Taxus brevifolia, Thuja plicata, Tsuga mertensiana, ELEVATION (ft): 3500-5500 KUCHLER NAME: Silver fir-Douglas fir forest (Abies-Pseudotsuga) KUCHLER NUMBER: 3 SAF NAME: Coastal true fir-hemlock SAF NUMBER: 226 OTHER REFERENCES: Franklin and Dyrness (1973), pp. 93-100; Franklin (1988), pp. 117-119; Hemstrom et al. (1982); Hemstrom et al. (1987), pp. 98-160; Atzet and McCrimmon (1990), pp. 71-84.
MAPNAME: subalpine Pinus contorta forests COMNAMES: subalpine lodgepole pine forests DESCRIPTION: A closed-canopied subalpine forest in which lodgepole pine is the dominant species. Other high-elevation species occur only as scattered individuals or small patches. Reproduction of other conifers may be abundant in the understory of the forest. This type is distinguished from other lodgepole pine forests by its occurrence at higher elevation. DISTRIBUT: Broad plateau areas along the crest of the Cascade Range and in the Blue Mountains. Some of these forests occur in low-lying frost pockets, wet areas, or under edaphic control (usually pumice) and are relatively long-lasting features of the landscape. Others occurrences are short-term seral stages after fire. DIAGGRASS: Danthonia californica, D. intermedia, Calamagrostis canadensis, Carex pennsylvanica, C. rossii, Poa pratensis, Sitanion hystrix, Stipa occidentalis DIAGSHRUB: Amelanchier alnifolia, Haplopappus bloomeri, Lonicera caerulea, L. conjugialis, L. involucrata, Ribes cereum, Rosa gymnocarpa, Rubus ursinus, Spiraea menziesii, Vaccinium occidentale, V. scoparium DIAGTREES: Pinus contorta, Populus tremuloides FERNS AND ALLIES: None FORBS: Arnica latifolia, Antennaria corymbosa, Aster alpigenus, Chimaphila umbellata, Cornus canadensis, Fragaria virginiana, Haplopappus greenei, Hieracium albiflorum, Ligusticum grayi, Linanthastrum nuttallii, Linnaea borealis, Lupinus andersonii, L. argenteus, L. bicolor, L. caudatus, Phyllodoce empetriformis, Pyrola secunda, Senecio triangularis, Smilacina racemosa, Spraguea umbellata, Viola nuttallii, Xerophyllum tenax OTHGRASS: Carex nebrascensis, Elymus glaucus, Festuca idahoensis, Stipa lemmonii OTHSHRUB: Arctostaphylos nevadensis, Berberis nervosa, Gaultheria shallon, Menziesia ferruginea, Pachistima myrsinites, Sorbus sitchensis, Vaccinium alaskaense OTHTREES: Abies concolor, A. lasiocarpa, A. magnifica var. shastensis, Picea engelmannii, Pinus albicaulis, P. monticola, Tsuga mertensiana ELEVATION (ft): 5500-8000 KUCHLER NAME: not applicable KUCHLER NUMBER: not considered a potential vegetation type SAF NAME: Lodgepole pine SAF NUMBER: 218 OTHER REFERENCES: Hall (1973), pp. 36; Volland (1976), pp. 32-33,46-49, 51-52; Hopkins (1979a), pp. 19-20; Hopkins (1979b), pp. 11,13; Atzet and McCrimmon (1990), pp. 59-61.
MAPNAME: Tsuga mertensiana forest COMNAMES: mountain hemlock forest DESCRIPTION: A closed-canopied upper montane forest in which the predominant tree species is mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana). Other tree species with high constancy include Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis), noble fir (Abies procera), western white pine (Pinus monticola) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) may also be present but is restricted to the most mesic sites. Understory shrubs with high constancy include Vaccinium membranaceum and V. scoparium. Xerophyllum tenax may be common in the understory, but otherwise the herbaceous layer is sparse. DISTRIBUT: Common type at middle to upper elevations along the Cascade Range. On the west side of the Cascades, this type occurs south to about the Calapooia Divide between the Willamette and Umpqua National Forests. It is mapped south to about the Winema Forest on the eastern side of the Cascades. South of these areas, Abies magnifica var. shastensis increases in importance and the forests have been mapped as type 519 to reflect this. DIAGGRASS: Carex nigricans, Festuca viridula, Juncus drummondii DIAGSHRUB: Gaultheria ovatifolia, Rhododendron macrophyllum, Rubus lasiococcus, Vaccinium membranaceum, V. scoparium DIAGTREES: Abies amabilis, A. lasiocarpa, A. procera, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus monticola, Tsuga mertensiana FERNS AND ALLIES: Blechnum spicant, Pteridium aquilinum FORBS: Achlys triphylla, Anemone deltoidea, A. lyallii, Arnica latifolia, Asarum caudatum, Aster alpigenus, A. ledophyllus, Campanula scouleri, Cassiope mertensiana, Castilleja parviflora, Chimaphila menziesii, C. umbellata, Clintonia uniflora, Cornus canadensis, Epilobium alpinum, Goodyera oblongifolia, Luetkea pectinata, Ligusticum grayi, Linnaea borealis, Lupinus latifolius, Pedicularis racemosa, Phyllodoce empetriformis, Potentilla flabellifolia, Pyrola picta, P. secunda, Senecio triangularis, Smilacina stellata, Tiarella trifoliata, Trillium ovatum, Veratrum viride, Viola orbiculata, V. sempervirens, Xerophyllum tenax OTHGRASS: OTHSHRUB: Acer circinatum, Arctostaphylos nevadensis, Berberis nervosa, Castanopsis chrysophylla, Gaultheria shallon, Menziesia ferruginea, Pachistima myrsinites, Rosa gymnocarpa, Rubus parviflorus, R. ursinus, Sorbus sitchensis, Vaccinium alaskaense, V. ovatum, V. parvifolium OTHTREES: Abies concolor, Abies magnifica var. shastensis, Picea englemannii, Pinus contorta, Tsuga heterophylla ELEVATION (ft): 4000-6500 KUCHLER NAME: Fir-hemlock forest (Abies-Tsuga) KUCHLER NUMBER: 4 SAF NAME: Mountain hemlock SAF NUMBER: 205 OTHER REFERENCES: Franklin and Dyrness (1973), pp. 101-108, p. 269; Hemstrom et al. (1982), pp. 63-68; Hemstrom et al. (1987), pp. 162-176; Marsh (1987), pp. 66-73; Hopkins (1979b), p. 24.
MAPNAME: Tsuga mertensiana-Abies spp.-Pinus contorta forest COMNAMES: mountain hemlock-true fir-lodgepole pine forest DESCRIPTION: This is a closed-canopied upper montane forest in which mountain hemlock is predominant, with an admixture of silver fir and lodgepole pine. The major distinction between this forest and 517 is the greater abundance of lodgepole pine, and the absence of some of the more mesic tree and shrub species. DISTRIBUT: These forests occur along upper slopes of the Oregon Cascades. They are particularly common on the eastern slope, often extending into depressions and flat-lying areas along the crest of the Cascades. The substrate is often pumice. DIAGGRASS: Calamagrostis rubescens, Carex pennsylvanica, C. rossii, Festuca viridula, Juncus drummondii DIAGSHRUB: Pachistima myrsinites, Rhododendron macrophyllum, Rubus lasiococcus, Sorbus scopulina, S. sitchensis, Spiraea sp., Vaccinium membranaceum, V. scoparium DIAGTREES: Abies amabilis, Pinus contorta, Tsuga mertensiana FERNS AND ALLIES: Blechnum spicant, Pteridium aquilinum FORBS: Achillea millefolium, Anemone oregana, Pedicularis racemosa, Aster alpigenus, Chimaphila umbellata, Cornus canadensis, Luetkea pectinata, Ligusticum grayi, Linnaea borealis, Lomatium martindalei, Luina stricta, Lupinus bicolor, Pyrola secunda, Senecio triangularis, Smilacina stellata, Tiarella trifoliata, Veratrum viride, Viola orbiculata, V. sempervirens, Xerophyllum tenax OTHGRASS: Elymus glaucus, Poa pratensis, Stipa lemmonii, S. occidentalis OTHSHRUB: Arctostaphylos nevadensis, Castanopsis chrysophylla, Menziesia ferruginea, Pachistima myrsinites, Rosa gymnocarpa, Rubus parviflorus, R. ursinus, Vaccinium alaskaense, V. ovatum, V. parvifolium OTHTREES: Abies concolor, Abies lasiocarpa, magnifica var. shastensis, A. procera, Picea englemannii, Populus tremuloides ELEVATION (ft): above 4500 KUCHLER NAME: Fir-hemlock forest (Abies-Tsuga) KUCHLER NUMBER: 4 SAF NAME: Mountain hemlock SAF NUMBER: 205 OTHER REFERENCES: Franklin and Dyrness (1973), p. 106.; Hopkins (1979b), p. 13; Marsh (1987), pp. 68-73; Volland (1976), pp. 32-33, 46-49, 51; Atzet and McCrimmon (1990), pp. 59-61.
MAPNAME: Tsuga mertensiana parkland COMNAMES: mountain hemlock parkland DESCRIPTION: Scattered individuals and islands of mountain hemlock within a parkland matrix. The pattern is one of patches of 517 within a matrix of 040. It can be considered the subalpine zone, i.e., the area above continuous forest but below the upper limit of upright tree growth. DISTRIBUT: High elevations along the both sides of the Cascade Range. DIAGGRASS: Calamagrostis canadensis, Carex nigricans, C. spectabilis, Deschampsia caespitosa, Festuca viridula, Juncus drummondii DIAGSHRUB: Alnus sinuata, Amelanchier alnifolia, Oplopanax horridum, Rubus parviflorus, R. spectabilis, Vaccinium membranaceum, V. scoparium DIAGTREES: Abies amabilis, A. lasiocarpa, Pinus contorta, Tsuga mertensiana FERNS AND ALLIES: Pteridium aquilinum. FORBS: Achillea millefolium, Anemone occidentalis, Aquilegia formosa, Arnica latifolia, Aster alpigenus, A. ledophyllus, A. occidentalis, Cassiope mertensiana, Castilleja parviflora, Cornus canadensis, Dodecatheon jeffreyi, Epilobium alpinum, Erigeron peregrinus, Geum macrophyllum, Heracleum lanatum, Luetkea pectinata, Hieracium gracile, Ligusticum grayi, Lupinus latifolius, Pedicularis groenlandica, P. racemosa, Phyllodoce empetriformis, Polygonum bistortoides, Potentilla flabellifolia, Senecio triangularis, Smilacina stellata, Solidago multiradiata, Valeriana sitchensis, Veratrum californica, V. viride, Viola glabella, Xerophyllum tenax OTHGRASS: Agrostis hallii, A. thurberiana, Carex lenticularis, C. muricata, C. vesicaria, Elymus glaucus, Juncus spp., Trisetum canscens OTHSHRUB: Menziesia ferruginea, Pachistima myrsinites, Rhododendron albiflorum, Rosa gymnocarpa, Rubus parviflorus, R. ursinus, Sorbus sitchensis, Vaccinium alaskaense, V. deliciosum, V. ovalifolium OTHTREES: Abies magnifica var. shastensis, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Picea englemannii ELEVATION (ft): above 4500 KUCHLER NAME: Fir-hemlock forest (Abies-Tsuga) KUCHLER NUMBER: 4 SAF NAME: Mountain hemlock SAF NUMBER: 205 OTHER REFERENCES: Franklin and Dyrness (1973), p. 101-109, 269; Franklin (1988), pp. 119-121.
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